Department of Pharmacy, Clinical and Diagnostic Center Pharmbiotest, Kyiv, Ukraine
Research Article
Nalbuphine Nasal Spray: Analgesic Efficacy and Safety
Author(s): Igor E. Kuznetsov* and Volodymyr G. Tymko
Opioids are used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain that is not responsive to other
analgesics. Powerful opioid analgesics (full mu-agonists), such as morphine and fentanyl, are highly
effective but have multiple harmful side effects, including abuse and dependence. The decades-long
search for an ‘ideal analgesic’ that provides fast pain relief for various types of pain, has long-lasting
effects, is well-tolerated and can be taken orally has led to the development of biased opioid agonists
providing potent pain relief with reduced side effects. These promising new medications still need
extensive clinical investigation, while the potential for pharmacokinetic improvements of well-studied
and long-used opioid medications remains.
Nalbuphine, a mixed partial mu-receptor antagonist and kappa-receptor agonist, is as effective as
morphi.. View More»
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