- (2004) Volume 5, Issue 6
Nazif Erkan1, Mehmet Yildirim1, Elif Selek2, Sehnaz Sayhan2
1Department of 2nd Surgery and 2Department of Pathology, SSK Izmir Training Hospital. Izmir, Turkey
Received August 17th, 2004 - Accepted September 14th, 2004
Context Castleman disease or giant lymph node hyperplasia is a rare disorder of thelymphoid tissue, usually occurring in the mediastinum. We report a case of localizedperipancreatic plasma cell type Castleman disease, which is an unusual site.Case report A 45-year-old woman with a history of mild epigastric pain radiating to theback for the previous year was admitted and her physical examination was normal. Araised erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Creactive protein and hypergammaglobulinemia were found. Abdominal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a homogeneously hypoechoic solid mass having a smooth-surface, 6 cm in diameter,located between the head of the pancreas, the lower margin of the antrum and the left lobeof the liver. The mass was totally excised surgically with repair of the pancreas capsule. Histopathological examination of the tumor showed plasma-cell type Castleman disease.Conclusion Clinicians should be aware that Castleman disease may involve peripancreatictissue which leads to difficulties in arriving at a differential diagnosis. Surgical excision isboth a diagnostic and a curative method for management of the disease.
Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Imaging; Giant Lymph Node Hyperplasia; Pancreas; Pancreatic Diseases; Surgical Procedures, Operative
Castleman disease is a relatively rare disorder characterized by benign proliferation of lymphoid tissue and was first described by Castleman and Towne in 1954 [1]. The disease may occur anywhere along the lymphatic chain, but the mediastinum is the most common location. It usually presents as a localized soft tissue mass in the neck or the mediastinum, but it rarely manifests clinically in a multicentric form or in the retroperitoneum [2, 3, 4]. We report herein a case of localized peripancreatic Castleman disease.
A 45-year-old woman with a history of mild epigastric pain radiating to back for the previous year was admitted to the hospital for further investigation. In her past history, she had been treated with insulin for type-2 diabetes mellitus. She had no family history of malignancy or inherited disease. Her physical examination was normal except for a mild tenderness in the epigastrium. In laboratory tests, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and hypergammaglobulinemia were found. There was no serological indication of active HIV infection. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed mild antral gastritis. Abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated a homogeneously hypoechoic solid mass having a smooth-surface, 6 cm in diameter, located between the head of the pancreas, the lower margin of the antrum and the left lobe of the liver. A small bowel series was reported as within normal limits. Abdominal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging confirmed an exophytic, well-capsulated, isodense solid mass, 42x48x52 mm in size, located on the inferomedial side of the antrum of the stomach, over the anterior of the 3rd portion of the duodenum and the head of the pancreas. MR imaging also showed a hypodense area at the center of the lesion (Figure 1). Exploratory laparotomy revealed a smooth, fleshy solid mass measuring 7x5x5 cm, located at the anterior surface of the head of the pancreas which was densely adherent to the 3rd portion of the duodenum and the greater curvature of the antrum of the stomach. The mass was totally excised with repair of the pancreas capsule. Grossly the mass was round and well-circumscribed with a solid grey cut surface showing a nodular and granular pattern (Figure 2). Histopathological examination of the tumor showed plasma cell type Castleman disease: large follicles with germinal centers and loss of sinusoids in a mass of lymphoid tissue. The follicles showed vascular proliferation and prominent plasma cell proliferation in the interfollicular region (Figure 3). The postoperative clinical course was uneventful and the patient has been free of disease for one year.
Figure 1. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging shows a well-capsulated, isodense, solid mass (a. arrows, T1- weighted) and heterogeneous signal characteristics, that is, a central hypodense area within the mass (b. T2-weighted).
Figure 2. Macroscopy of the excised tumor demonstrates a well-circumscribed round mass with a solid grey cut surface showing a nodular and granular pattern
Figure 3. Histopathological examination of the tumor shows plasma-cell type Castleman disease: large follicles with germinal centers and loss of sinusoids in a mass of lymphoid tissue. with prominent plasma cell proliferation in the interfollicular region. (H&E x100)
Castleman and Towne [1] described a disease characterized by a benign mediastinal mass resembling a thymoma. Although popularly known as Castleman disease, this disease entity has many synonyms including giant lymph node hyperplasia, lymph node hamartoma, angiofollicular mediastinal lymph node hyperplasia and angiomatous lymphoid hyperplasia [5].
Little is known about the cause of this disorder. However, the bulk of evidence points toward faulty immunoregulation which results in the excessive proliferation of B lymphocytes and plasma cells in lymphoid organs [6]. Most of the lesions are located in the thorax but extrathoracic involvement including neck, axilla, mesentery, pelvis, pancreas, adrenal and retroperitoneum has also been reported [4, 7].
There are two major histologic variants: a) the hyaline-vascular type, which is more frequent, is characterized by small hyaline-vascular follicles and interfollicular capillary proliferation, and b) the plasma cell type, which is characterized by large follicles with intervening sheets of plasma cells [4, 5]. Clinically, the hyaline-vascular type is usually asymptomatic whereas the less common plasma cell variant is sometimes associated with systemic manifestations such as fever, anemia, weight loss, night sweats, and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia [2, 3]. Currently, Castleman disease is classified into two clinicopathologically distinct subgroups: localized and disseminated Castleman disease. The localized disease typically has a benign course and the disseminated disease is usually malignant [2, 3, 4]. The multicentric variety with severe systemic manifestations and poor prognosis is frequently associated with polyneuropaathy,, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein and skin change (POEMS) syndrome, Kaposi sarcoma, and AIDS [2, 6]. In our case, the patient had localized plasma cell type Castleman disease with signs, symptoms and laboratory findings which correlated with the literature.
Ultrasonography, CT and MR imaging have been proven to be helpful in diagnosing retroperitoneal tumors; however, Castleman disease is radiographically and operatively indistinguishable from other diseases. The ultrasonographic picture is similar to that seen in lymphoma: a uniform hypoechoic mass with enhanced through-transmission [8]. CT consistently shows solid density and homogeneously enhanced masses with or without calcification. The usual appearance of this entity on CT is that of a non-specific homogenous mass which ranges from hypoto isodense in relation to the liver on noncontrasted studies. Dense enhancement immediately after the infusion of iodinated material is observed. Generally, the tumors of Castleman disease are described nearly isointense to muscle in signal intensity on T1- weighted MR imaging, with heterogeneous signal characteristics within the mass on T2- weighted MR imaging [7, 9]. The distribution of abdominal lymphadenopathy is nonspecific and not helpful in the differentiation from other nodal diseases. In our patient, US and MR imaging showed almost typical characteristics.
The radiological differential diagnosis includes various neoplastic (lymphoma), inflammatory (tuberculosis or sarcoidosis) and other miscellaneous retroperitoneal tumors. From the radiological and clinical points of view, disseminated Castleman disease is indistinguishable from that of lymphoma. Therefore, a biopsy of an enlarged lymph node is mandatory for the differential diagnosis [5, 7, 9].
Surgical excision is the treatment of choice for localized disease [3, 4]. In cases with multicentric disease, the treatment has not been definitively established and the clinical course of that type of disease can be chronic, with remission and exacerbation requiring continuous therapy or malignant, rapidly progressive and fatal. Multicentric systemic treatment with steroids or chemotherapy or both resulted in varying success [3, 6]. In our case, a complete surgical excision was made and no evidence of tumor recurrence has been detected in the one year since surgery.
As a conclusion, clinicians should be aware that Castleman disease may involve peripancreatic tissues which leads to difficulties in arriving at a differential diagnosis. Surgical excision is both the diagnostic and the curative method for management of the disease.
