Keywords
Chronic Pancreatitis, Alcoholic;
Pancreatectomy; Pancreaticoduodenectomy;
Pancreatic Neoplasms; Quality of Life
Abbreviations
EORTC QLQ-C30: European
Organisation for Research and Treatment of
Cancer-Quality of Life Questionnaire; FACTP:
Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-
Pancreas; GIQLI: Gastrointestinal Quality of
Life Index; QoL: quality of life; SF-36:
medical outcome study 36-Item Short-Form
Health Survey; WHO: World Health
Organization
Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) has
defined the quality of life (QoL) as: "… an
individual's perception of their position in life
in the context of the culture and value system
in which they live and in relation to their
goals, expectations, standards and concerns. It
is a broad-ranging concept affected in a
complex way by the person's physical health,
psychological state, level of independence,
social relationships, and their relationship to salient features of their environment." [1].
This is a general definition because QoL,
subjectively perceived by the patient, is
becoming a major issue in the evaluation of
any therapeutic intervention, mainly in
patients with chronic or hard to cure diseases
where the aim of the intervention is to keep
patients either symptom-free and able to live
in the community for a long time, or to reduce
the discomfort caused by the disease. Even if
chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer are
chronic and hard-to-cure diseases, the
suggestion of WHO has been applied by
clinical researchers only recently. In fact,
together with the traditional evaluation of
morbidity and mortality, and the assessment
of exocrine and endocrine functions in
patients with pancreatic disease, we should
consider the perception of the health status of
patients with benign [2, 3, 4] or malignant
pancreatic diseases as a priority. If this is true
for chronic disease treated medically, QoL
becomes of particular interest in those
patients who undergo surgical procedures for
their pancreatic disease.
It is well-known that patients who undergo
pancreatic surgery may develop several postprocedural
complications mainly represented
by diabetes and maldigestion which may
affect their way of life [5].
The aim of this paper was to review the data
existing in the English literature on the QoL
in patients who undergo surgical resection of
the head of or the entire pancreatic gland
either for benign or for malignant diseases of
the pancreatic gland.
Methods
A search was made on June 20th, 2006 using
three different data bases (MEDLINE, Web of
Science and ScienceDirect) in order to select
the data existing in the literature on QoL and
pancreatic resection surgery published in full
text only. Controlled terms only were
searched: the Medical Subject Headings
(MeSH) terms for MEDLINE, the Topic
terms (TS) for Web of Science (WoS) and the
Keywords for ScienceDirect. Seventy-four
papers on MEDLINE, 122 on WoS, and 4 on
ScienceDirect were found (Tables 1, 2, 3). In
addition, one more article was identified in
the reference data received in the same timeperiod
from an e-mail alerting provider. Forty
duplicate papers were found among the
various databases; 37 of these were present in
MEDLINE and WoS while, regarding the
four papers found in the ScienceDirect
database, two were present at same time in MEDLINE and one was present at same time
in WoS. The fourth paper of the
ScienceDirect database was in abstract form
and was not included in the present study.
One-hundred and sixty papers were found [6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165]
(Figure 1). Of these, 35 papers were excluded
because they were review articles [6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40] and two were
letters to the editor not reporting original data
[41, 42]. The remaining 123 original papers
were considered for the purpose of this study.
Of these 123 original papers, 11 were
excluded because they reported data on nonpancreatic
diseases (gastric cancer, cancer of
the gallbladder, cancer of the common bile
duct, caustic disease) [43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53]. Therefore, 112 studies satisfied the aim of our study; however, 27
papers described studies not utilizing any
QoL questionnaire [54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80] and 37 papers
reported data collected using non-validated
QoL questionnaires [81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117]. Thirty-five of the 48 remaining studies
were not considered: 19 considered surgical procedures of pancreaticoduodenectomy or
total pancreatectomy without distinction
among chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic
neoplasms, neoplasms of the papilla of Vater,
or biliary tree neoplasms [118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136]; seven papers
reported non resective surgery or resective
surgery of the tail of the pancreas [137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143]; seven papers
reported data referring only to medical
treatment of unresected patients [144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150]; finally, two papers
[151, 152] did not distinguished among the
various types of surgery. Therefore, only 13
papers were evaluated for the purpose of this
study [153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165]; seven of these
papers were present at the same time in two
databases (MEDLINE and WoS) [153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159], two studies were
present in the MEDLINE database only [160, 161], three in the WoS database only [162, 163, 164], and the remaining one was the one
we received from an alerting e-mail [165].
Figure 1. Flowchart showing the selection of papers evaluating the quality of life (QoL) in patients with surgical
resection of the head or whole pancreatic gland either for benign or for malignant pancreatic diseases (June 20th, 2006).
Results
Of the 13 studies considered, two focused
their interest on assessing the QoL as related
to surgical procedures involving pancreatic
neoplasms [160, 165] and 11 concerned
surgical procedures in chronic pancreatitis
patients [153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164].
Pancreatic Neoplasm
It is well-known that the QoL is worsen in
patients with pancreatic cancer [166, 167], but
an objective measure of the well-being in
patients operated on for a pancreatic
neoplasm is lacking. The only two studies
performed on patients with pancreatic cancer
are those of Farnell et al. [160] and
Schniewind et al. [165]. Farnell et al. [160]
utilized the Functional Assessment of Cancer
Therapy-Pancreas (FACT-P) questionnaire
which is made up of 37 items; the
questionnaire was self-administered in 35 patients in order to investigate their quality of
life before and four months after pancreatic
resection. Ten patients underwent a Whipple
procedure and 25 a Whipple procedure and
extended lymph node excision. The authors
did not find any difference in the QoL
assessment between the two types of surgery.
The study of Schniewind et al. [165] added
some more information to the previous study
of Farnell et al. [160]. These authors studied
91 patients resected for pancreatic
adenocarcinoma before surgery, at discharge,
and 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after the
operation; the EORTC QLQ-C30
questionnaire was used for the study. At the
time of discharge from the hospital, all
functional scores had dropped below baseline.
At 3 and 6 months after surgery, the scores
were comparable to preoperative values. After
12 and 24 months, patients reported a slightly
better QoL than before surgery. The only
exception was in the scale role functioning,
which improved at 24 months when compared
to the value at discharge but did not reach the
preoperative level. With patients who had R0
resection, similar outcomes were found in the
EORTC QLQ-C30 functional scales between
partial pancreaticoduodenectomy and pylorus
preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, even if
patients who had pylorus preserving
pancreaticoduodenectomy reported
significantly more pain at 24 months after
surgery. Moreover, patients who had an
extended lymphadenectomy reported better
QoL on the EORTC QLQ-C30 functional
scales, but the symptom scales were worse in
comparison to the patients who underwent a
regional lymphadenectomy.
Chronic Pancreatitis
The questionnaires utilized by the various
authors who assessed the QoL following
surgical procedures in chronic pancreatitis
patients are reported in Table 4. The
questionnaires utilized were five: the SF-36,
the EORTC QLQ-C30, the visual analog
quality of life questionnaire, the
Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index
(GIQLI), and the McGill Pain Questionnaire.
Table 5 shows the experimental designs of
these 11 surgical studies and the respective
results are reported in Table 6. At present,
there are no comparative studies assessing the
possibility that the various questionnaires
utilized explored the same physical and
mental domains. Furthermore, except for one
study demonstrating that the QoL in surgical
patients is worse as compared to a reference
population [159], in the other studies [153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164],
the authors aimed to demonstrate the
superiority of one type of operation with
respect to another, or to demonstrate that
surgery is capable of improving the QoL as
compared to the status evaluated prior to the surgery. The follow-up period for assessing
QoL in these studies had a median of 37
months (range 18-104 months) and this timeinterval
is probably too short to measure the
impact of surgery on well-being over a longterm
period. It is also difficult to compare
QoL results between the various studies
because of the differences in methodology,
study design and patient characteristics. In
this respect, more information comes from
studies which evaluated mixed medicalsurgical
populations of chronic pancreatitis
patients with a long follow-up period; in these
papers, patients who underwent various
surgical procedures for chronic pancreatitis
had a QoL similar to patients treated
medically [4, 151, 152]. It is probably true
that surgical procedures are able to briefly
ameliorate the QoL of surgically treated
patients but, thereafter, chronic pancreatitis per se tends to affect the well-being of these
patients.
Conclusions
Presently, there are very few studies exploring
the QoL in patients who undergo resection of
the head of the pancreas or total
pancreatectomy for benign and especially for
malignant disease of the pancreas.
Furthermore, more knowledge is necessary regarding the comparative behavior of the
QoL between patients operated on for benign
and for malignant pancreatic diseases; finally,
there is a need for studies which compare the
QoL of patients who have been operated on
with the well-being of a reference population.
In the meantime, the routinely assessment of
QoL in operated patients is recommended
both for patients affected by chronic
pancreatitis and for those with pancreatic
carcinoma in order to plan intensive medical
and psychological support.
Conflict of interest The authors have no
potential conflicts of interest
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