Heavy metals play an important role in biological processes as enzyme cofactors in trace amounts. However, their importance is overwhelmed by potential risks. Bioaccumulation, toxicity, nonbiodegradability, and persistence are the hallmarks that affect the environment and human health. Bioaccumulation is critical, as metals accumulate in organisms, posing risks to ecosystems, especially in the food chain. This leads to elevated metal concentration in the food chain. Even at trace levels, heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium, and arsenic are toxic and cause various health issues, emphasizing the need to regulate exposure. Non-biodegradability distinguishes heavy metals: They persist in the environment, increasing the risks associated with prolonged exposure and accumulation. Heavy metals have been the focus of research because of their recognized toxicity. Understanding the sources, pathways, and their effects is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies. Researchers have also explored pollution control, industrial practices, and remediation techniques. Heavy metals are released into the environment through anthropogenic activities, such as industrialization, urbanization, waste disposal, and agricultural practices, which contaminate the air, water, and soil, contributing to environmental and health risks. This paper discusses the origins and harmful effects of various heavy metals.
Published Date: 2025-03-13; Received Date: 2024-11-03
