Journal of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Research Open Access

The Study of the toxicity of nanomaterials

Sabin Kaur^* Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Canada
^*Correspondence: Sabin Kaur, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Canada, Email:

Received: 31-Aug-2022, Manuscript No. IPNNR-22-14626; Editor assigned: 02-Sep-2022, Pre QC No. IPNNR-22-14626 (PQ); Reviewed: 16-Sep-2022, QC No. IPNNR-22-14626; Revised: 21-Sep-2022, Manuscript No. IPNNR-22-14626 (R); Published: 28-Sep-2022, DOI: 10.12769/ipnnr-22.6.38

Introduction

Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. Due to quantum size effects and a large surface area to volume ratio, nanomaterials have unique properties that affect their toxicity in comparison to larger counterparts. There are three types of nanoparticles: Combustion-derived nanoparticles like diesel soot, manufactured nanoparticles like carbon nanotubes, and naturally occurring nanoparticles like those from volcanic eruptions, atmospheric chemistry, and so forth. At least one primary dimension of any nanomaterial is smaller than 100 nm. These nanoparticles are useful in technology because they frequently possess properties that are distinct from those of their bulk components. One of the current issues in nano-toxicology comprehends structure activity characteristics that may enable in silico prediction of nanomaterial toxicological characteristics so that they may be avoided by design.

Description

Nanoparticle toxicity is typically more severe in some cell subpopulations than in others, and it frequently varies with cell cycle. Apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage can be repaired in cells by nanoparticles. The hazards, risks, and exposure potentials of nanostructured materials for humans and the environment are welcome contributions to the field of nanotoxicology. The broad definition of nano-structured materials in this context is materials with at least one dimension in the nanometer size range. Nanomaterials are able to easily pass through the cell nucleus and the blood-brain barrier because of their small size. In addition, as they move through the organs of the body, they interact with proteins and other biological components to elicit inflammatory and toxic immune responses. Toxicity increased with the surface charge of the nanoparticles. This suggests that endocytic uptake and electrostatic interactions with the cell are correlated with the nanoparticle’s positive charge. Hydrogen peroxide, which is present in every cell, can be transformed into a hydroxyl radical when certain metals found in some nanoparticles interact with it. Nanoparticles can enter the body in a variety of ways, including ingestion, inhalation, swallowing, and skin absorption. This hydroxyl radical can enter the nucleus and damage DNA. People are probably going to be presented to nanoparticles through inward breath. In the human respiratory system, the nose, larynx, airways, and lungs all act as nanoparticle filters. The larger a particle is, the more likely it is to reach the lung. As their use in medicine expands, questions have been raised regarding the nanoparticles capacity to enter restricted body regions.

Conclusion

According to this study, human fibroblast cells can be damaged by cobalt-chromium nanoparticles with a diameter of 29.5 nm ± 6.3 nm. What kind of nanoparticles is toxic? Zinc oxide nanoparticles toxic potential for bacteria and mammalian cells has been studied. In various mammalian cell lines, cytotoxicity, damage to the cell layer, and increased oxidative pressure have been identified as the most well-known poisonous effects of zinc-based nanomaterials. The toxic potential of zinc oxide NPs on bacteria and mammalian cells has been investigated. Cytotoxicity, cell layer harm, and expanded oxidative pressure have been accounted for in different mammalian cell lines as the most well-known poisonous impact of zinc-based nanomaterials. Adding a high concentration of sugar solution to the plasma before spinning it in a centrifuge or attaching a targeting agent to the surface of the nanoparticles are typical traditional methods for removing nanoparticles from plasma samples.