Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Journal Open Access

Keywords

Physalis angulate; Antiseptic; Cosmetic industry

Introduction

Medicinal plants contain various bioactive compounds used for curing many human diseases. These bioactive compounds or phytochemicals are characterized in two groups primary and secondary. Primary constituents are proteins, chlorophyll, sugars and amino acids and secondary ones are terpenoids (group of lipids) phenolic compounds (derived from carbohydrates) and alkaloids (derived from amino acids).

Physalis angulata belongs to family Solanaceae and is medicinally very important plant. In some countries the species is used as traditional medicine since pre-Columbian times [1]. The plant is used to treat several diseases such as asthma [2], hepatitis [2,3], malaria [2], boil, liver problem, diuretic and its extract have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiseptic, diuretic, anticancer, antitumor, antimycobacterial, immunosuppresion properties. All the plant parts of the herb are used for its medical value [4-7]. Like antinociceptive properties were first recognized for roots [7] and stem [8]. However, leaves are associated with cytoxcity against murine luekemia cell line P-388, epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharyx KB-16 cells and lung adenocarcinoma A-549 [9].

There are many phytochemical techniques used for the separation of biochemical from medicinal plants such as Paper chromatography, Column Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography and Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy, to mention few. The quality and quantity of secondary metabolities in plants vary with different environmental conditions, soil conditions and altitude. Besides, this other factor like morphological variation, different ploidy levels and cytological irregularities also play a key role in variation of bioactive compounds in plants. The main objective of the present study is to compare the amount of specific phytochemicals in different plant parts of cytotype.

Material and Methods

For the acquisition, a CAMAG HPTLC system comprising a Linomat-V automatic sample applicator and CAMAG TLC Scanner III with win CATS software was used. For the reflectance/absorbance mode deuterium and halogen tungsten lamp is used with high pressure mercury lamp as reflectance/fluorescence mode. A CAMAG 100μL precision syringe from Hamilton, Bonaduz, Switzerland was used for sample application under gentle stream of nitrogen. CAMAG aluminium per-coated silica gel plates were used. Silica gel 60F254 plates with 200 μm thickness × 5 μm particle sizes from Merck, Dermostst, Germany were used. For the plate development a CAMAG twin-trough chamber 20 cmW × 10 cmH was used. The plate was left in pre-heated oven at 105?C for 5mins. Violet color spots of the standard and the samples appear. The densitometry chromatographs of the plates were taken at different wavelength. Anisaldehyde sulfuric acid was prepared by dissolving, 5 ml of anisaldehyde solution in 1 ml of 98% sulfuric acid and 50 ml of acetic acid.

After development and derivatization of the plate, measurements were made by winCATS software. Concentration of the target analytes in the separated bands were determined from the intensity of the reflected light indicated and the peak areas produced were correlated to the analyte concentrations using six level linear calibration curves. The employed statistical analysis ensures that the developed method is reproducible and selective. This method can be used as an important tool to ensure the therapeutic dose in herbal formulations, standardization and quality control of bulk drugs.

The significant difference between the amounts of particular compound in each plant is also mentioned in the table.

Sample Preparation

Aerial parts of the plants were extracted with methanol by using Soxhlet apparatus. The plant material was shade dried and coarsely powdered before Soxhlet apparatus application. 10g of each dried and powdered aerial plant parts was applied to the methanolic extraction independently in Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were concentrated using rotaevaporator and then lypholyzed. Powdered extracts was weighed and 5mg of each was dissolved in 5 ml of methanol to obtain 1 mg/1 ml concentration.

Results and Discussion

HPTLC methods were used to estimate the composition of quercetin, lupeol, ursolic acid, β-sitosterol, campesterol, withaferine A, withanolide A, withanolide B and emodin of different plant parts (fruit, stem, leaf, root) in two cytotypes (2x and 4x) of P. angulata, by using different mobile phases respective for each bioactive compound (Table 1).

Reference Compound/Part Plant	Mean (µg/mg)	SD	Mean (µg/mg)	SD	Significance	P-value
	Diploid cytotype (2x)		TetraploidCytotype (4x)
Querectin
Fruit	0	0	0	0	-	-
Stem	0.04	0.01	3.67	0.03	Yes	?0.001
Leaves	0	0	14.28	0.024	Yes	?0.001
Root	0	0	0	0
Lupeol
Fruit	26.78	0.028	23.93	0.16	Yes	?0.001
Stem	0.65	0.01	0.44	0.18	Yes	?0.001
Leaves	2.94	0.02	5.42	0.44	Yes	?0.001
Root	0.22	0.019	1.66	0.37	Yes	?0.001
Ursolic acid
Fruit	6.54	0.55	3.98	0.44	Yes	?0.001
Stem	3.74	0.73	13.19	0.24	Yes	?0.001
Leaves	9.18	0.78	3.52	0.38	Yes	?0.001
Root	3.92	0.62	2.81	0.28	Yes	?0.001
β-sitosterol
Fruit	10.84	0.32	5.57	0.13	Yes	?0.001
Stem	11.57	0.36	0	0	Yes	?0.001
Leaves	4.95	0.60	16.60	0.26	Yes	?0.001
Root	11.94	0.39	12.26	0.52	Yes	0.001
Campesterol
Fruit	2.82	0.13	5.22	0.42	Yes	?0.001
Stem	3.19	0.26	4.23	0.29	Yes	?0.001
Leaves	4.59	0.29	10.02	0.31	Yes	?0.001
Root	8.65	0.26	6.34	0.29	Yes	?0.001
Withaferin A
Fruit	24.67	0.37	5.27	0.45	Yes	?0.001
Stem	40.31	0.18	18.21	0.39	Yes	?0.001
Leaves	9.74	0.43	15.54	0.26	Yes	?0.001
Root	7.83	0.37	18.63	0.34	Yes	?0.001
Wthanolide A
Fruit	0.028	0.060	1.80	0.011	Yes	?0.001
Stem	0	0	0	0	-	-
Leaves	4.12	0.036	11.03	0.080	Yes	?0.001
Root	4.75	0.054	11.33	0.050	Yes	?0.001
Withanolide B
Fruit	0	0	0	0	-	-
Stem	0	0	2.67	0.30	Yes	?0.001
Leaves	0	0	7.22	0.13	Yes	?0.001
Root	0.170	0.10	0	0	Yes	?0.001
Emodin
Fruit	1.186	0.028	0.91	0.78	No	0.576
Stem	1.12	0.97	0.39	0.34	No	0.290
Leaves	0.62	0.54	5.92	0.39	Yes	?0.001
	0.57	0.50	2.67	0.44	Yes	0.006

Table 1: Part-based HPTLC analysis of active phyto-constituents in two cytotypes (2x, 4x) of P. angulata.

Appropriate amount of each standard as well as samples were applied to the 60 F254 silica gel plates. The plates were allowed to dry at the room temperature and then linear ascending development was carried out in pre- saturated twin chamber containing with particular mobile phase. After drying the plates were scanned. Phenolic compounds are plant secondary metabolites with wide spectrum of biological activities.

Quercetin

At present it is separated by using Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid: Methanol (7:5:.5:0.1 v/v/v/v) as mobile phase. The Rf value of the reference compound is reported to be at 0.63 (Figure 1). The maximum amount is found in the leaves of tetraploid cytotype (14.28 ± 0.024 μg/mg of DWE) of plant samples followed by its stem samples (3.67 ± 0.033 μg/mg of DWE). In the diploid cytotype, its occurrence is reported only in stem with very less amount (0.040 ± 0.001 μg/mg of DWE), (Figure 1), (Tables 1 and 2).

Reference compound	Quercetin	Lupeol	Ursolic acid	β-sitosterol	Campestrol	Withaferin A	Withanolide A	Withanolide B	Emodin
Working concentration	2-10 µg/Band	2-10 µg/Band	2-10 µg/Band	2-10 µg/Band	2-10 µg/Band	2-10 µg/Band	2-10 µg/Band	2-10 µg/Band	2-10 µg/Band
Rf value	0.63	0.84	0.36	0.64	0.74	0.81	0.45	0.64	0.89
Regression equation	Y = 4590*X + 2560	Y = 2653*X + 1548	Y = 924.3*X - 155.1	Y = 1308*X + 609.7	Y = 2554*X + 214.4	Y = 555.8*X + 307.8	Y = 470*X + 359.4	Y = 470*X + 319.4	Y = 1795*X + 674.1
Correlation coefficient (r2)	0.996	0.998	0.997	0.995	0.993	0.998	0.996	0.995	0.997
LOD (ng)	364	407	578	419	928	260	405	488	310
LOQ (ng)	1100	1234	987	1272	2813	788	1228	1479	942

Table 2: Data showing different parameters analyzed for the reference compounds.

Figure 1: HPTLC fingerprint profile of quercetin (Track 1) in diploid (Track 2– fruit; 3-stem; 4– leaf; 5– root) and tetraploid (Track 6-fruit; 7– stem; 8-leaf; 9– root) cytotypes of P. angulata B) 3D view of densitogram at 254 nm.

The amount of quercetin was found to be more in tetraploid cytotype as compared to the diploid cytotype, significant at P?0.001 (Table 1).

It is the most common flavonol in fruits and green vegetables. Earlier, this compound was also reported in leaves of P. angulata [10]. There are many methods for the determination of flavonoids in different plants, but there is no such method developed for P. angulata.

Triterpinoids

Terpeniods have been derived from five carbon isoprene units. Most of these have multi-cyclic structure which differs from one another by their functional groups and basic carbon skeleton. Most of terpenoids are used as fragrances in food and cosmetic industry. These are wide spread in nature, mainly in plants as constituents of essential oils. Their building blocks are hydrocarbon isoprene and are classified according to the number of isoprene units. Triterpenes consists of six isoprene units.

Lupeol

It is separated by using Toluene: Methanol: Formic acid (9:4:0.2 v/v/v) as mobile phase. The Rf value of the reference compound is reported to be at 0.84 (Figure 2).

Figure 2: HPTLC fingerprint profile of lupeol (Track 1-6) in diploid (Track 7-fruit; 8-stem; 9-leaf; 10-root) and tetraploid (Track 11-fruit; 12– stem; 13-leaf; 14-root) cytotypes of P. angulata B) 3D view of densitogram at 530 nm.

Lupeol is reported in good quantity in both the cytotypes. Fruits of both the cytotypes are very rich in lupeol content with maximum amount reported in the diploid fruits (26.78 ± 0.02 μg/mg of DWE), followed by the tetraploid fruit samples (23.93 ± 0.016 μg/mg of DWE), respectively. A good amount of this compound is also reported in leaves of the tetraploid cytotype (5.42 ± 0.044 μg/mg of DWE), (Tables 1 and 2). The amount of lupeol was found to be more in the tetraploid cytotype as compared to the diploid cytotype, significant at P?0.001 (Table 1). Lupeol has been investigated using HPTLC in many medicinal plants like Strobilanthus callosus [11,12], Acacia leucophloea [13], Abutilon indicum [14], Hygrphila auriculta [14], Acanthus ilicifolius [15], Neoalsomitra clavigera and in Derris heyneana [16].

Ursolic acid

A pentacyclic triterpenoid possess a wide range of pharmacological activities. It shows hypoglycemic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic and cynogenic activity. It is commonly present in plants especially coating of leaves and fruits, such as apple fruit, leaves of Vinca, rosemary, and eucalyptus.

Mixture of Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (8:2:0.1 v/v/v) was used as mobile phase to separate ursolic acid. The Rf value of the reference compound is reported to be 0.36 (Figure 3).

Figure 3: HPTLC fingerprint profile of ursolic acid (Track 1) in diploid (Track 2– fruit; 3-stem; 4–leaf; 5– root) and tetraploid (Track 6-fruit; 7-stem; 8-root; 9– root) cytotypes of P. angulata B) 3D view of densitogram at 510 nm.

The maximum amount of ursolic acid is reported in the stem of the tetraploid cytotype (13.19 ± 0.024 μg/mg of DW) of plant samples followed by the diploid leaves (9.18 ± 0.078 μg/mg of DW) (Tables 1 and 2). The amount of ursolic acid was found to be more in the tetraploid cytotype as compared to the diploid cytotype, significant at P?0.001 (Table 1).

Phytosterols

β-sitosterol: β -sitosterol is used to cure heart diseases and fight high cholesterol levels in the body. It is also used to boost immune system. It helps in the prevention of influenza, cancer, different types of allergies, asthma, bronchitis, and migraine and hair loss.

A mixture of Toluene: Ethyl acetate in ratio of 9:4 (v/v). The Rf value was noticed at 0.64 (Figure 4).

Figure 4: HPTLC fingerprint profile -sitosterol (Track 1) in diploid (Track 2fruit; 3-stem; 4leaf; 5root) and tetraploid (Track 6-fruit; 7stem; 8-leaf; 9-root) cytotypes of P. angulata B) 3D view of densitogram at 530 nm.

The highest amount is reported in leaf samples of the tetraploid cytotype (16.6 ± 0.26 μg/mg of DWE) followed by its root samples (12.26 ± 0.05 μg/mg of DWE) (Tables 1 and 2). The amount is almost same in stem and root samples of diploid cytotype.

The amount of β-sitosterol was found to be more in the tetraploid cytotype as compared to the diploid cytotype, significant at P?0.001 (Table 1).

Campesterol: A mixture Toluene: Methanol: Formic acid in ratio 9:4:0.2 (v/v/v) is used to separate campesterol from other compounds. The Rf value was noticed at 0.74 (Figure 5).

Figure 5: HPTLC fingerprint profile of campesterol (Track 1-6) in diploid (Track 6–fruit; 8-stem; 9–leaf; 10–root) and tetraploid (Track 11-Fruit; 12– stem; 13-leaf; 14–Root) cytotypes of P. angulata B) 3D view of densitogram at 530 nm.

The reference compound was reported in leaf and root samples of both the cytotypes. But the maximum amount was reported in leaves samples of the tetraploid cytotype (10.82 ± . 003 μg/mg of DWE) followed by roots samples of the diploid cytotype (8.65 ± 0.002 μg/mg of DWE) (Tables 1 and 2). The amount of campesterol was found to be more in the tetraploid cytotype as compared to the diploid cytotype, significant at P?0.001 (Table 1).

Withaferin A: It is separated by using Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic: Ethanol (6:3:0.1:0.6 v/v/v/v) as mobile phase and panisaldehyde sulphuric acid as derivatizing reagent. The Rf values of the reference compound was 0.81. Maximum amount of withaferin A is reported in the stem samples of the diploid cytotype (40.31 ± 0.018 μg/mg of DW) of plant followed by its fruit samples (24.67 ± 0.03 μg/mg of DWE) (Tables 1 and 2). In the tetraploid cytotype stem samples and root samples contained almost same amount of the reference compound (18.63 ± 0.034 μg/mg and 18.21 ± 0.039 μg/mg of DWE) respectively (Figure 6).

Figure 6: HPTLC fingerprint profile of withaferin A (Track 1) in diploid (Track 2-fruit; 3-stem; 4-leaf; 5-root) and tetraploid (Track 6-fruit; 7-stem; 8-leaf; 9-root) cytotypes of P. angulata B) 3D view of densitogram at 530 nm.

The amount of withaferin A was found to be more in diploid cytotype as compared to tetraploid cytotype, significant at P?0.001 (Table 1). In contrary to the present results which revealed the presence of most of the bioactive compound in tetraploid cytotype, the withaferin A, is reported to be more in the diploid cytotype than in the tetraploid cytotype.

Cancer, being the second leading cause of mortality, exists as a formidable health challenge. Withaferin-A, sensitizes resistant cancer cells to existing chemotherapeutic agents. The antioxidant activity of withaferin-A was first reported [17]. Previously, novel HPTLC method was developed [18-20] for the estimation of withaferin A in for Withania somnifera. Withaferin-A was also estimated in polyherbal formulations [21]. The content of withanolide A and withaferin A were compared in two different morphotypes in different plant parts of Withania somnifera by using HPTLC method [22].

Withanolides (A and B): Withanolides possess potent antitumor and antioxidant properties. Same mobile phase used to separate both the withanolide and after derivatizing the Rf values of the compounds were 0.45 and 0.64, respectively.

Leaf and root samples of the tetraploid cytotypes contained highest amount of withanolide A (11.03 ± 0.08 μg/mg & 11.33 ± 0.05 μg/mg DWE) respectively. In the diploid cytotype root samples and leaf samples contained more withanolide A (4.75 ± 0.054 μg/mg and 4.12 ± 0.036 μg/mg DWE) respectively (Figure 7) (Tables 1 and 2).

Figure 7: HPTLC fingerprint profile of withanolide A (Track 1-5) in diploid (Track 6-fruit; 7-stem; 8-leaf; 9-root) and tetraploid (Track 10-Fruit; 11-stem; 12-leaf; 13-Root) cytotypes of P. angulata B) 3D view of densitogram at 530 nm.

Withanolide B: Withanolide B was completely absent in the diploid cytotype with very negligible amount in root sample (0.170 ± 0.001 μg/mg). In the tetraploid cytotype the stem (2.67 ± 0.003 μg/mg) and the leaf (7.22 ± 0.003 μg/mg) samples contained withanolide B (Figure 8) (Tables 1 and 2).

Figure 8: HPTLC fingerprint profile of withanolide B (Track 1-5) in diploid (Track 6– fruit; 7-stem; 8–leaf; root-9) and tetraploid (Track 10-fruit; 11-stem; 12-leaf; 13-root) cytotypes of P. angulata B) 3D view of densitogram at 530 nm.

The amount of withanolide A and withanolide B was found to be more in the tetraploid cytotype as compared to the diploid cytotype, significant at P?0.001 (Table 1). Earlier, withanolide was isolated and purified from roots of Withania somnifera roots by using HPTL, HPLC and column chromatography [23].

Emodin: (1, 3, 8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone) is an anthaquinone. These are group of more than 170 natural compounds [24]. It is believed that the presence of hydroxyl groups in position 1 and 8 of the aromatic ring system is essential for the purgative action of this compound [25]. It has worldwide distribution with tropical, subtropical and temperate families of the plants. It is reported in 17 families, 28 genera and 94 species [26]. It was first described as “frangula-emodin” [27]. Originally it was reported in roots and bark of plants (Evans 1996) and recent research reported its presence in vegetative as well as reproductive parts of the plants [26]. It has many biological properties like antioxidant, diuretic, anti-tumour, antibacterial, anti-fungal antiviral and also acts as cardiac stimulant. Emodin is more common in three families Fabaceae (Cassia species), Polygonaceae (Rheum, Rumex & Polygonum species) and Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus & Ventilago species).

Presently, Toluene: Ethylacetae: Formic acid (10:8:0.8 v/v/v) were used to separate emodin in different plant parts of both the cytotypes. The Rf value of the compound was at 0.89 (Figure 9). Maximum amount of the reference compound was reported in leaf samples of the tetraploid cytotype (5.92 ± 0.399 μg/mg DWE) followed by its root samples (2.67 ± 0.44 μg/mg DWE) respectively (Figure 9), (Tables 1 and 2).

Figure 9: HPTLC fingerprint profile of emodin (Track 1-6) in diploid (Track 7– fruit; 8-stem; 9– leaf; root-10) and tetraploid (Track 10-fruit; 11-stem; 12-stem; 13-root) cytotypes of P. angulata B) 3D view of densitogram at 280 nm [28-30].

The amount of emodin was found to be more in the tetraploid cytotype as compared to the diploid cytotype, significant at P?0.001 (Table 1). Medina-Medrano et al., 2015 compared the phenolic composition of five species of Physalis. Some species of Physalis such as P. ixocarpa [31], P. peruviana [32], P. angulata [9], and P. alkekengi have been analyzed for their phenolic composition and antioxidant properties. Compounds like caffeic acid also have good antioxidant properties and also considered as an important part of the defense mechanism. Chlorogenic and caffeic acids are in vitro antioxidants and fight against diabetes and cardiovascular disease [33]. A significant pharmacological importance of their properties has been revealed by the presence of certain compounds of respective class such as lupeol for antidiabetic and anticancer activity, whereas â-sitosterol for antitumor activity [34].

Thus, the quantity of bioactive compounds varies with ploidy level as well as environmental conditions of the plant. Present study reveals that the tetraploid cytotype should be marked as the best chemotype with change in geographic distribution, for commercial as well as pharmaceutical purposes. It is concluded that the therapeutic action of this plant mainly lays in the tetraploid leaf sample as compared to the diploid cytotype.

Earlier similar studies to compare the mineral content [35] and fatty acid composition [36] in two cytotypes of P. angulata was carried out to mark a better chemotype for the plant species.

Conclusion

The existence of variation in bioactive compounds in the same species of relatively less explored medicinal plants at cytotype level and plant part basis indicates the need for making the better chemotypes and the exploitation for the different plant parts.

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by Department of Biotechnology (DBT), New Delhi, DBT-IPLS Project with reference number. The authors are also thankful to Head, Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, for all the necessary BT/PR 4548/NF/22/146/2012 laboratory facilities.

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