Journal of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Research Open Access

Introduction

Nanomedicine represents a new approach to the application of Nanotechnology systems in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This branch of nanotechnology can be divided into two main categories: Nano devices and nanomaterials. Nano devices are miniature, nanoscale devices that include microarrays and some smart machines like respirocitos. Particles are less than 100 nanometers (nm) in at least one dimension. Application of Nanoparticles in Clinical Therapies and Diagnostics.

Over the past decades, many nanoparticles have been developed and evaluated, and there is a real excitement about their possible use as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Nanoparticles are still used in the clinical process. Most of the nanoparticle formulations that are currently used in everyday practice in the clinic are used for therapeutic purposes. These therapeutic nanoparticles are aimed at more efficient delivery of a therapeutic (chemotherapeutic) drug to the site of pathology, avoiding its accumulation in healthy organs and tissues, and are mainly based on the "Enhanced Permeability and Retention" (EPR) effect.

In addition, due to their ability to combine diagnostic and therapeutic entities into a single nanoparticle formula, nanoparticles hold great promise for diagnostic purposes and are considered very useful for regulation nanomedicine-based methods. Nanoparticles represent an innovative tool in research and therapy due to their self-assembly, small size, higher stability, biocompatibility, specific tumour targeting of antibodies or ligands, encapsulation and release of anticancer drugs, and increased contact surface between cells and nanomaterials. Active targeting of nanoparticles through conjugation with cell surface markers can increase the efficiency of nanoparticles in delivering various agents to the tumour area, while significantly reducing toxicity to living systems. Nanoparticles can use several biological pathways to achieve specific delivery to cellular and intracellular targets, including transport across the blood-brain barrier that many cancer drugs cannot bypass. Nanotechnology offers many benefits in various fields of science. In this sense, nanoparticles are the cornerstone of nanotechnology. Recent advances in nanotechnology have shown that nanoparticles have great potential for medical applications.

Formation of solid interactions with ligands, variability in length and shape, excessive service capacity, and comfort of binding of each hydrophilic and hydrophobic material make nanoparticles beneficial systems for the target-particular and managed transport of micro- and macromolecules in sickness therapy. Targeted therapy for treating a disease is an approach in which an appropriate amount of a therapeutic agent is injected into the affected area of the body over an extended period of time. Cleanability and bio distribution of therapeutic nanoparticles must be very important during the development process. Size is another important issue that plays a vital role in dominant circulation and bio distribution of therapeutic nanoparticles. Nanoparticles smaller than 10 nm, can be easily cleared by physiological systems, while particles larger than 200 nm may be cleared by phagocytic cells in the Reticulo Endothelial System (RES).

Conclusion

NPs will enhance the intracellular concentration of medicines in cancer cells by using both passive and active targeting approaches, while eluding harmfulness in normal cells. In addition, when NPs bind to specific receptors and then enter the cell, they are generally enveloped by endosomes through receptor-mediated endocytosis, thereby circumventing the recognition of P-glycoprotein, one of the main mechanisms of drug resistance. NPs designed in varied ways that have been wide investigated for application to cancer medical aid and diagnosis. This is common to chemotherapy, factor therapy and modalities including optical, ultrasound, CT, imaging and nuclear imaging. The imaging distinction and the therapeutic potency of medicine have improved considerably due to the high payload of drug/contrast agents per NP and the ability for active/passive targeting. NP-based imaging and medical care incontestable reduced side effects, too. Completely different NPs are detailed for diagnostic applications with promising results. Since nuclear drugs is the most sensitive clinical imaging techniques with between nanomole/kilogram and picomole/kilogram sensitivity, imaging technique with emitting radiation NPs is turning into more and more important. Major benefits of radioactive imaging, other than sensitivity are, they are quantitative and there is no tissue penetration limit. With these promising beneficial of NP based imaging, it is significant to understand to design and apply NPs for diagnosis.